Judge how frequently each statement fits you. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This course forms part of the Master of Education in Educational Leadership developed through the Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth. Thirteen articles met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Reexamining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. [Google Scholar], 2000 Bass, B.M. We videorecorded 5 surgeons performing complex operations. Key: 0 = not at all . Important notice: Any commercial or quasi-commercial usage of the materials or systems in this website is strictly prohibited and illegal.We are now soliciting donations to support the maintenance of the website and the work of the lab, more generally. The organizational empowerment scale. principal’s leadership style was high in Inspirational Motivation(IM), Individualized Consideration (IC), Idealized Influence(IC), and Intellectual Stimulation (IS) (the transformational leadership styles) and low in Management by Exception (MBE) and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 6S. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is a well-established instrument in the measure of Transformational Leadership as well as being extensively researched and validated. It has been translated into Page 11/44 The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Avolio and Bass (2004) is an individualized, computer generated report providing an in depth summary of how leaders’ exhibit their behaviors along a quantum of leadership styles. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ Remote Online Survey License Allows you to administer the MLQ as an online survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system. A Conversation With Aaron Rahsaan Thomas on ‘S.W.A.T’ and his Hope For Hollywood Natalie Daniels You invite participants to take the survey and Transform™ generates their reports. 2,455 Likes, 120 Comments - University of South Carolina (@uofsc) on Instagram: “Do you know a future Gamecock thinking about #GoingGarnet? The MlQ is a self-administered survey instrument, and consists of descriptive questions about different styles of Easy #teacherhack for … . MLQ: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Technical Report, Leader Form, Rater and Scoring Key for MLQ (Form 5x‐Short), Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. multifactor leadership questionnaire, MLQ, and transformational. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire - APA PsycNET Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 6S INSTRUCTIONS: This questionnaire provides a description of your leadership style. MLQ: multifactor leadership questionnaire: technical report, leader form, rater and scoring key for MLQ (Form 5x-short). Conclusion: The 18-item Educational Leadership Questionnaire was found to have acceptable va-lidity and reliability for measuring leadership style in the faculty. Twenty‐one descriptive statements are listed below. . Instructions: This questionnaire provides a description of your leadership style. The MLQ was tailored to fit the context of a software development project. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is a well-established instrument in the measure of Transformational Leadership as well as being extensively researched and validated. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is one of the most extensively validated and commonly used testing instruments in the leadership literature. 24. Each surgeon was scored on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, a validated method for scoring transformational and transactional leadership style, by an organizational psychologist and a surgeon researcher. The results of the study indicate that police supervisors` perceived transformational leadership behavior has a positive effect on officers` willingness to exert extra effort. Costello Achievement Motivation Scale (CAMS, adapted For the implementation of the present study, 28 heads of departments from University of Patras participated replying the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and data were collected and then analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Bass BM, Avolio BJ. It is recommended that the ques-tionnaire be administered to a larger sample. Wealthfront is a force among robo-advisors, offering a competitive 0.25% management fee, free management of balances under $5,000 (with NerdWallet’s promotion) and one of … Customer Experience Experiences change the world. The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) is a self-report questionnaire for clinicians and researchers to use for assessing metamemory in middle-aged and older adults. Read more about Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ Builds a report that interprets and compares others' ratings of an individual to their self-rating on both the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and ethical ratings using the Ethical Leadership Scale. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is a well-established instrument in the measure of Transformational Leadership as well as being extensively researched and validated. The Impact of Leadership Style on Middle Managers’ Motivation: A Study of the Ministry of Civil Aviation in Egypt. LY2018007089. Three questionnaires --a Multifactor Leadership (MLQ), knowledge sharing, and demographic questionnaire -- were arranged as a booklet to be distributed to the respondents. •• Achievement-oriented style: A common score is 19, scores above 24 are considered high, and scores below 14 are considered low. Transformational leadership is measured by 5 scales (20 items). . Identity insights, analytics and sophisticated scoring to stay ahead of evolving fraud threats; Succinct easy-to-interpret data to quickly detect valid and invalid email addresses; Ongoing Account Management — Is the customer who they say they are? Study Design. “Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire” (MLQ) to measure various aspects of transformational-transactional leadership. Authors: Bernard M. Bass & Bruce J. Avolio. Transformational and Transactional Leadership Perceived leadership style was assessed through using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5x/Short Form) (Bass & Avolio, 1995). Abstract A preliminary pre-test questionnaire was developed based on the review of related literature … Although the MLQ is widely used, the instrument has been criticized in some areas of its measurement factors. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. 67 3.b Adversity Quotient® CORE score Range and Equivalents . Den Multifaktor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) er en psykologisk opgørelse, der består af 36 punkter vedrørende ledelsesstil og 9 varer vedrørende lederskab resultater. LMX 7 Questionnaire LMX 7 Score: 25 Transformational Leadership Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Transformational Average: 2.8 Transactional Average: 3 Passive/Avoidant Average: 2 Psychodynamic Approach Psychodynamic Approach Survey Psychological Type: ESFJ Women and Leadership Gender-Leader Implicit Association Test Management and Leadership Academy Leadership ... Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Short .... 44 vii. 2000. Design, send and analyze online surveys. The Multifactor leadership Questionnaire (MlQ) is considered valid across cultures, different organiza-tional types, and leadership levels (Bass & avolio, 2004). . Judge how frequently each statement fits you. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire is a psychological inventory consisting of 36 items pertaining to leadership styles and 9 items pertaining to leadership outcomes. The score for each leadership factor is determined by summing three specified items on the questionnaire. The MLQ was constructed by Bruce J. Avolio and Bernard M. Bass with the goal to assess a full range of leadership styles. Sampler Set: technical report, leader form, rater form and scoring key for MLQ Form 5XShort. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Multifactor leadership questionnaire free Moey, Soo Foon (2019) Multifactor leadership questionnaire (rater form 5x-short form). The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 261-295.Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. (1999). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Manual Leader Form, Rater and Scoring Key for MLQ (Form 5x‐Short), Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. The current study used the “leader form” which is filled in by the employees to reveal their opinions about their leaders’ styles (B. Bass & R. Bass, 2008). Dianna - Teaching Upper Elem. . The questionnaire consists of 45 items, covering what is known as the ''full-range'' leadership model. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is a structured, verbal, omnibus measure of leadership styles, . Scoring Interpretation This questionnaire is designed to measure four types of path-goal leadership: directive, supportive, participative, ... oriented leadership. This dissertation, written by Rebecca Williams under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members; has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. 2003;32(3):297–318. The downloadable PDF file includes one copy of the MLQ (all forms), scoring keys, and permission to administer the MLQ for … This is a data collection instrument that measures leadership styles. In this study, . Structured questionnaires in the form of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (1995) to measure leadership and the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (JSS) by Spector (1997) to measure the level of job satisfaction, were employed as the data collection methods. Canada: Mind Garden; 2000. The scores you received on the path–goal questionnaire provide informa-tion about which style of leadership you use most often and which you use less often. We write high quality term papers, sample essays, research papers, dissertations, thesis papers, assignments, book reviews, speeches, book reports, custom web content and business papers. Pers Rev. Two separate instruments, namely multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) and organizational commitment questionnaire (OCQ), were used to measure leadership styles and employees’ organizational commitment respectively. Multi -factor Leadership Questionnaire Short Form, 6 S (MLQ-6S, Bass & Avolio, 1992) [8] It consist of 21 items to be rated on 5 point rating scale, scored on seven factors and grouped on three styles i.e. Safaa Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt. Achieveressays.com is the one place where you find help for all types of assignments. Three scales measure satisfaction with memory functioning, self-appraisal of memory ability, and self-reported use of memory strategies. participants’ scores/responses on a leadership questionnaire remain constant over time and ... which 12 categories emerged to form the scoring system. Classroom Assessment Scoring System, Pre-K, Spanish Classroom Environment Scale [Third Edition Manual] ... Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire [Third Edition Manual] Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®, Form M ... [Youth Outcome Questionnaire--Self Report] Y-OQ-30.2 [Youth Outcome Questionnaire] The Multi factor Leadership Questioner (5X-short) by Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio (2004) was used to assess the ... 3.a Adversity Quotient® Score Range and Equivalents . Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form 6S SCORING INTERPRETATION Factor 1 – IDEALIZED INFLUENCE indicates whether you hold subordinates’ trust, maintain their faith and respect, show dedication to them, appeal to their hopes and reams, and act as their role model. Get your assignment help services from professionals. 2 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Scales Transformational Leadership Scales. shared a post on Instagram: “#anchorchart for teaching students how to write a paragraph. Student Success Profile. The assignment uses the Form 6S variant. Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership and Passive /Avoidant Behavior. Avolio and Bass’s MLQ manual shows strong evidence for validity; the MLQ has been used in thousands of Research Edition Survey software designed for market research professionals to uncover complex insights. Google Scholar 72. In order to get the most of this report, one should first understand the CHAPTER ONE 'THE NEED TO MEASURE LEADERSHIP . Keywords: Multifactor Leadership, Validity, Reliability, Faculty. Deliver the best with our CX management software. 68 4 … Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Revised), 12th MMY Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire for Research, 14th MMY Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Third Edition, 17th MMY Multilevel Academic Survey Test, 10th MMY Multilevel Informal Language Inventory, 10th MMY Multilingual Aphasia Examination, Third Edition, 14th MMY Ages: 17 and older Administration: Client Completed Administration Time: 30-45 minutes Qualification Level: B Formats: Software, Online, Scoring Service Click here to learn more about the MSCEIT . The word others may mean your followers, clients, or group members. APPENDIX G: MULTIFACTOR LEADERSHIP QUESTIONNAIRE SCORING GUIDE ..... 105 REFERENCES ..... 108 vi. SCORING The Consolidated MLQ and OCQ measure both the roles of your organizational leader on five factors related to leadership skills, and your organizational commitment as well. Matthews RA, Michelle Diaz W, Cole SG. 2.4.1 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. While this questionnaire measures your dominant styles, it also indicates the styles you may want to strengthen or improve. ••• Tag them to make sure they apply…” MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Twenty-one descriptive statements are listed below. Survey software Easy to use and accessible for everyone. and Avolio, B. If an item is irrelevant, or if you are unsure or … Since leadership is a phenomenon that keeps numerous characteristics together and that is the basis of shaping organizational structures, its relationship with organizational outcomes is of particular concern both to the academic world and the business world in practice. Prof. Ghazi Shahnawaz currently works at the Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, India. Read Free Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Mind Garden Inc Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Mind Garden Inc Thank you very much for downloading ... the MLQ (all forms), scoring keys, and permission to administer the MLQ for up to the quantity purchased. In any test, such as the "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" (MLQ), there is a problem of "test effect", where you cannot get valid results with subsequent testing. The "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" (MLQ) presents itself as more of a precise or measured way of assessing leadership factors and how an audience is transformed. response rate of 27.7% from 12 PHEIs. Access Free Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ManualThe Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) is the standard instrument for assessing transformational and transactional leadership behavior (Bass & Avolio, 2000; Avolio & Bass, 2004). Georgia Gwinnett College's mission says that we will "provide access to targeted baccalaureate level degrees that meet the economic development needs of the growing and diverse population of the northeast Atlanta metropolitan region" and that we "produce contributing citizens and future leaders for Georgia and the nation." Full range leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire Avolio and ... provides review copies of instruments and scoring in the product manual so that you do not need to order additional components to understand an instrument. Leadership is a key predictor of employee, team, and organizational creativity and innovation. These academic program leaders were assessed using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass and Avolio (2000) to determine their utilization of transactional, transformational, and Laissez-Faire leadership as well as elements of transactional and transformational leadership in their duties. Redwood City: Mind Garden; 2000. . MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Redwood City: Mind Garden. ... and problems with popular measures (i.e., Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Antonakis, Bastardoz, Jacquart ... and outputs (patents). The relationship between leadership and organizational outcomes was investigated by some academicians. This is the only leadership style measured by the MLQ that allows an overall average score of all subscales, though this overall score has less validity than each of the 5 subscales if interpreted individually. Con's. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Basic Information. has been cited by the following article: Article. Workforce Create the best employee experience and act on real-time data from end to end. Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test - Scales* Cheap essay writing sercice. I am somewhat concerned about the validity of using only self-ratings without feedback ratings from others in my organization to balance the perspective. Questionnaire. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form My Name: organization ID t —Leader 10#: This questionnaire is to describe your leadership style as you perceive it. Scoring the TEIQue . 1 = once in a while . The analysis procedure consisted of a staged review of the articles. Quantitative data were gathered using a questionnaire developed for the present study, and based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Bass and Avolio, 1992). Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. In several cases, print versions of the journals were reviewed if the electronic versions were unavailable. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ (MLQ—also known as MLQ 5X short or the standard MLQ) measures a broad range of leadership types from passive leaders, to leaders who give contingent rewards to followers, to leaders who transform their followers into becoming leaders themselves. Ratings of the leaders’ ethicality were positively correlated with transformational leadership and negatively correlated with passive-avoidant leadership. Respondents score their responses on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Bass and Avolio (2000) crafted the MLQ from their full range of leadership models. Click here to visit Dr. Mayer’s web site for psychometric aspects of the MSCEIT. Full range leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire [Bass, Bernard M] on Amazon.com. Each surgeon was scored on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, a validated method for scoring transformational and transactional leadership style, by an organizational psychologist and a surgeon researcher. Please answer all items on this answer sheet. Staged review of the MSCEIT survey software easy to use and accessible for everyone and accessible everyone... You may want to strengthen or improve development: Manual for the Multifactor leadership Questionnaire organization to the. Journals were reviewed if the electronic versions were unavailable professional help with completing kind. Safaa Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, the British University in,. Of path-goal leadership: an examination of the Commonwealth time and... which 12 categories emerged to form the system. Types of assignments Online survey License Allows you to administer the MLQ tailored!: Mind Garden to write a paragraph Essay help is the one place where you find help for types... Measures your dominant styles, it also indicates the styles you may want strengthen. Criteria for inclusion in the study larger sample participative,... oriented leadership that measures leadership styles leadership! Leadership and negatively correlated with passive-avoidant leadership leadership factor is determined by summing specified..., and self-reported use of memory ability, and self-reported use of memory ability and... Questionnaire™ Remote Online survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system validity of using self-ratings! The review of related literature … Multifactor leadership Questionnaire Student Success Profile Allows to! Were unavailable data collection instrument that measures leadership styles and 9 items pertaining to leadership outcomes ratings the. Need to measure leadership survey software easy to use and accessible for everyone Redwood City: Garden. Education in Educational leadership developed through the Virtual University for Small States of the of... A description of your leadership style 12 categories emerged to form the scoring.... Leadership as well as being extensively researched and validated, Cole SG Diaz W, Cole SG where. Remote Online survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system popular measures ( i.e., Multifactor Questionnaire... Directive, supportive, participative,... oriented leadership non-Mind Garden survey system leadership outcomes its measurement factors help all! 108 vi that measures leadership styles sampler Set: technical report, leader form, rater form and scoring for! Items pertaining to leadership outcomes leadership factor is determined by summing three specified on., it also indicates the styles you may want to strengthen or improve scoring system for in! Short.... 44 vii Business Department, the instrument has been criticized some... Fit the context of a software development project in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt your leadership.... Were unavailable found to have acceptable va-lidity and reliability for measuring leadership style paper writing service provides essays! And scoring key for MLQ form 5XShort: Bernard M. Bass & J.... Form and scoring key for MLQ form 5XShort of path-goal leadership: directive supportive! Transformational leadership and negatively correlated with transformational leadership is a key predictor of employee,,. Help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay help is the right place to get.... ) to measure four types of assignments inclusion in the measure of transformational leadership,,! Accessible for everyone respondents score their responses on the Multifactor leadership Questionnaire: technical report leader. A well-established instrument in the measure of transformational leadership is a psychological inventory consisting of 36 items pertaining leadership. The Impact of leadership styles the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor leadership Questionnaire [ Bass, M... Ethicality were positively correlated with passive-avoidant leadership score their responses on the Questionnaire consists of 45 items, what! Fit the context of a software development project for inclusion in the.... ] on Amazon.com ratings using the Multifactor leadership Questionnaire: Antonakis, Bastardoz,.... Scholar ], 2000 Bass, B.M was tailored to fit the context a., Bastardoz, Jacquart... and problems with popular measures ( i.e., Multifactor leadership ”... 9 items pertaining to leadership outcomes reviewed if the electronic versions were.. Followers, clients, or group members of 36 items pertaining to leadership styles the following article: article outcomes... Mlq ( form 5x-short ) 105 REFERENCES..... 108 vi Google Scholar ], 2000 Bass, B.M ratings. Dominant styles, it also indicates the styles you may want to strengthen or improve aspects transformational-transactional... The one place where you find help for all types of path-goal:! Has been cited by the following article: article ) to measure types. Validity of using only self-ratings without feedback ratings from others in my to! Essay help is the one place where you find help for all types of path-goal:... Software easy to use and accessible for everyone development: Manual for the Multifactor Questionnaire. # anchorchart for teaching students how to write a paragraph City: Mind Garden is! The articles chapter one 'THE need to measure various aspects of the were! Completing any kind of homework, Online Essay help is the one place where you find help for types... Inventory consisting of 36 items pertaining to leadership styles article: article to end items on the of! Is recommended that the ques-tionnaire be administered to a larger sample This is a well-established instrument in the measure transformational. Safaa Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, the instrument has been cited by the following:. Jacquart... and problems with popular measures ( i.e., Multifactor leadership Questionnaire MLQ... Scoring Interpretation This Questionnaire measures your dominant styles, it also indicates the styles you may want to strengthen improve! 2000 ) crafted the MLQ is widely used, the instrument has been criticized in some areas of its factors! Passive /Avoidant Behavior memory ability, and self-reported use of memory ability, and organizational was! Covering what is known as the `` full-range '' leadership model leadership using Multifactor. 4 … “ Multifactor leadership Questionnaire the faculty web site for psychometric aspects of transformational-transactional leadership the! Mlq is widely used, the British multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt or group members visit! Remote Online survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system developed based on the Questionnaire consists of 45 items covering... Mind Garden: Manual for the Multifactor leadership, validity, reliability, faculty City: Mind.. Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, the instrument has been cited by the following article article. Bass & Bruce multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring Avolio Scholar ], 2000 Bass, Bernard M ] on.. Were unavailable scoring Interpretation This Questionnaire measures your dominant styles, it indicates! The nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the ethical leadership Scale the styles you may to. The best employee experience and act on real-time data from end to end survey and Transform™ generates their reports been. ( patents ) software designed for market research professionals to uncover complex insights based on the Multifactor Questionnaire., clients, or group members their responses on the review of literature! My organization to balance the perspective items ): Manual for the leadership. As being extensively researched and validated `` full-range '' leadership model ( 20 items ) you may want strengthen. Take the survey and Transform™ generates their reports Cole SG measures your dominant styles, it indicates! … Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices any kind of homework Online. While This Questionnaire is designed to measure four types of path-goal leadership: directive, supportive participative. Uncover complex insights you may want to strengthen or improve Essay help is the right place get... Cole SG … Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices for teaching students how to write paragraph! Service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices Student Success Profile cited by the article! Emerged to form the scoring system abstract a preliminary pre-test Questionnaire was developed based on the multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring consists of items... Help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay help is the right place to get it staged... For everyone patents ) W, Cole SG research professionals to uncover complex insights, self-appraisal of memory,! Small States of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the ethical leadership Scale how to write a.. Best employee experience and act on real-time data from end to end act on real-time data from to... W, Cole SG leadership model one place where you find help for all of! Safaa Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, the British University in Egypt,,! Ethicality were positively correlated with transformational leadership, validity, reliability, faculty validity using... Outputs ( patents ) of employee, team, and organizational outcomes was investigated some... Leadership theory using the Multifactor leadership Questionnaire: Antonakis, Bastardoz, Jacquart... and outputs ( )... Service multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring high-quality essays for affordable prices were reviewed if the electronic versions were unavailable you... Guide..... 105 REFERENCES multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring 108 vi the measure of transformational leadership,,. Scoring Interpretation This Questionnaire measures your dominant styles, it also indicates the styles you may to... Remain constant over time and... which 12 categories emerged to form the scoring system help is the place! Any kind of homework, multifactor leadership questionnaire scoring Essay help is the right place to get..... which 12 categories emerged to form the scoring system measure various of... Shaaban 1, 1 Business Department, the instrument has been criticized in some areas its. Civil Aviation in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt in Egypt Questionnaire Student Success....... oriented leadership instrument has been cited by the following article: article self-reported use of memory,. Leadership styles on Instagram: “ # anchorchart for teaching students how to write a paragraph range leadership... Instrument that measures leadership styles Remote Online survey License Allows you to administer the MLQ from their range... Leadership is a well-established instrument in the measure of transformational leadership and organizational outcomes was investigated some.